Молекулярно-генетические механизмы образования скорлупы у кур

Яйца являются одним из наиболее востребованных источников доступного животного белка. Качество яичной скорлупы представляет особенный биологический интерес и имеет экономическое значение для птицеводства. Огромные потери, вызванные ухудшением качества яичной скорлупы, стали актуальной проблемой при производстве племенного и пищевого яйца. Ухудшение качества яичной скорлупы обуславливает риск заболеваний пищевого происхождения у потребителей. В обзоре представлен анализ литературных данных о молекулярно-генетических механизмах образования яичной скорлупы. Транскриптомный анализ скорлуповой железы у различающихся по возрасту кур-несушек показал дифференциальную экпрессию генов FGF14, COL25A1, GPX8 и GRXCR1. Анализ функциональных аннотаций показал их участие в процессах, связанных с кальцификацией и кутикуляризацией яичной скорлупы. Исследование транскриптома 49-недельных кур, разделенных на группы в зависимости от качества яичной скорлупы, показало, что ген KRT14 являлся одним из генов с наибольшей разницей между группами с прочной и хрупкой яичной скорлупой. После сверхэкспрессии KRT14 в эпителиальных клетках матки экспрессия OC-116, CALB1 и BST1 значительно увеличивается, в то время как экспрессия OC-17 значительно снижается. Сравнение дифференциально экспрессируемых генов в двух независимых исследованиях, выполненных на курах с различными признаками качества скорлупы, показало наличие 16 генов, экспрессия которых носила схожий характер. Идентифицированные гены участвуют в различных биологических процессах и выполняют разнообразные функции. Так, кодируемый геном TTYH3 белок функционирует как кальций(2+)-активируемый хлорид(-) канал большой проводимости. Ген ITPKA регулирует метаболизм инозитолфосфата, являющегося субстратом для циклической АМФ-зависимой протеинкиназы, кальций/кальмодулин-зависимой протеинкиназы II и протеинкиназы C in vitro. ITPKA один из генов, которые связывают с крапинками яичной скорлупы. Таким образом, выполненный анализ литературных данных показал, что молекулярно-генетические механизмы образования яичной скорлупы сложны и до конца не изучены. Проведенные исследования демонстрируют роль дифференциально-экспрессируемых генов в различных процессах, в том числе потенциальное их участие в процессе кальцификации.

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